Hour hand (short, orange)Points to the hour. Between two numbers? The hour is the smaller one it has passed.
Minute hand (long, teal)Count by 5s from the 12: each number is 5 minutes. Pointing at 3 = 15 minutes, at 6 = 30, at 9 = 45.
Past or to?Right side of the clock is past the hour. Left side is to the next hour. Half past is at the 6.
QuartersA quarter is 15 minutes. Quarter past = 15, half past = 30, quarter to = 45.
24-hour timeAfter 12 noon keep counting: 1 pm = 13:00, 3 pm = 15:00, 8 pm = 20:00. Midnight is 00:00.